Citizenship & Residency
Guides & Technical Briefings
In-depth guidance on citizenship and residency by investment — covering programme comparisons, application process, tax implications, legal requirements, and UK expat considerations.
Investment Routes Explained
Property, funds, bonds, donations — understanding the investment options and what qualifies.
Grenada CBI: E-2 Visa Treaty Access to the USA
Grenada is the only major Caribbean CBI programme with a bilateral E-2 investor visa treaty with the United States, allowing Grenada citizens to live and work in the US through long-term renewable business investment. For internationally mobile investors who need regular or long-term US access, this is a distinction no other comparable Caribbean programme can offer.
Read guide →Investment Funds and Citizenship: Portugal, Malta, and EU Fund Routes
Portugal's fund investment route is the primary EU residency-by-investment pathway via qualifying funds in 2026 — offering €500,000 entry into CMVM-regulated vehicles, no property management burden, and a route to permanent residency and, in time, one of the world's strongest passports. This guide explains how fund routes work, who they suit, and what due diligence you should conduct before committing.
Read guide →Jordan Residency by Investment — Middle East Alternative 2026
Jordan offers five-year residency by investment through property purchase of JD 200,000 (~$282,000), and a nationality by investment route requiring JD 1 million or more. For investors with MENA business exposure, Jordan's strategic location, relative stability and bilateral investment treaties make it a considered alternative to the UAE Golden Visa — with a different risk profile and strategic purpose.
Read guide →Malta Citizenship by Naturalisation (MEIN) — Complete Guide 2026
Malta's MEIN programme was the last route to EU citizenship by direct investment — until the Court of Justice of the EU ruled it unlawful on 29 April 2025. This detailed guide covers how the programme worked, every financial component, the due diligence process, and the CJEU judgment that ended it.
Read guide →Malta Citizenship by Naturalisation: Complete Guide 2026
Malta's Citizenship by Naturalisation for Exceptional Services by Direct Investment was the last EU citizenship-by-investment route — until the Court of Justice of the EU ruled it unlawful on 29 April 2025. This guide explains how the programme worked, the CJEU judgment, and what it means for prospective and existing applicants.
Read guide →Portugal D7 Passive Income Visa — Alternative to the Golden Visa
Portugal's D7 visa offers a residency route for those with qualifying passive income — pensioners, investors, landlords and remote workers. With a monthly income requirement of approximately €920 or above (2026 figure, tied to the national minimum wage), it is far more accessible than the Golden Visa fund route and leads to the same eventual citizenship, now after ten years under the 2026 nationality reform.
Read guide →Portugal Golden Visa 2026: Current Routes, Fund Investment and Path to Citizenship
Portugal's Golden Visa remains open in 2026 through fund investment and other qualifying routes after property purchases in most areas were removed; the path to Portuguese and EU citizenship at five years remains one of Europe's most attractive.
Read guide →Property Investment and Citizenship: Which Programmes Accept Real Estate?
Real estate is the most popular investment route in many citizenship and residency by investment programmes. Property is tangible, potentially income-generating, and familiar. But the rules — approved developments, hold periods, eligible areas, and resale restrictions — vary significantly across programmes. This guide compares the property investment routes in all major CBI and RBI programmes.
Read guide →St Kitts & Nevis Citizenship by Investment — The Original CBI Programme
St Kitts & Nevis introduced citizenship by investment in 1984, making it the longest-running CBI programme in the world. Its heritage, rigorous due diligence and strong passport continue to command a premium — and justify it for investors who prioritise reputation and visa-free access over pure cost.
Read guide →St Kitts & Nevis Citizenship by Investment: Complete Guide 2026
Established in 1984, St Kitts & Nevis runs the world's oldest citizenship by investment programme, offering 157+ visa-free destinations, US E-2 treaty access and a straightforward donation route.
Read guide →Turkey Citizenship by Investment — $400,000 Property Route 2026
Turkey's citizenship by investment programme offers a straightforward property purchase route at $400,000 minimum, with processing in 3 to 6 months and no residency requirement. The Turkish passport provides access to around 110 countries visa-free, excluding the EU and UK — making it most valuable as a secondary passport for clients with MENA, Central Asian or Turkic-region business interests.
Read guide →UAE Golden Visa 2026: Complete Guide for Investors and Professionals
The UAE Golden Visa offers a ten-year renewable residency with no sponsor requirement, covering investors, professionals, entrepreneurs and their families.
Read guide →UAE Golden Visa — All Routes to 10-Year Residency in Dubai 2026
The UAE Golden Visa grants 10-year renewable residency without requiring a UAE national sponsor. Routes include property investment from AED 2 million, public investment funds, entrepreneurship and exceptional talent. This guide covers every route, the tax residency certificate process, and clarifies the important distinction between UAE residency and UAE citizenship.
Read guide →Family & Succession Planning
Dependants, citizenship for children born abroad, trusts and cross-border succession.
British Citizenship for Children Born Abroad: Registration Rights and the Section 3(1) Route
British citizens living abroad can register their children as British citizens under Section 3(1) of the British Nationality Act 1981 — a right that is often underused, poorly understood, and in some cases time-limited in ways families discover too late.
Read guide →British Citizenship for Children Born Abroad: Rights, Limits, and Registration
British citizenship can be passed to children born abroad — but only for one generation. After that, the chain breaks. This guide explains the rules, the registration routes, and how CBI citizenship interacts with a child's British citizenship.
Read guide →Citizenship Planning for Families: Dependants, Children, and the Next Generation
A second citizenship acquired today can benefit your children, grandchildren, and their children — understanding the family dimensions of citizenship planning is essential for those thinking beyond the immediate application.
Read guide →Citizenship for Minor Children: Consent, Guardianship and What Happens When They Grow Up
Including children in a CBI application or registering their citizenship by descent raises legal questions about parental consent, the rights of children who later disagree with their nationality, and the obligations that attach before they can exercise an informed choice.
Read guide →Discretionary Trusts in Estate Planning for Internationally Mobile Families
The discretionary trust remains one of the most flexible and effective estate planning structures for internationally mobile families. This guide explains how discretionary trusts work, their UK inheritance tax treatment including entry charges and 10-year anniversary charges, the Trust Registration Service requirements, and how the 2025 IHT pension changes interact with trust planning.
Read guide →Family Passport Planning: Extending Citizenship and Residency to Dependants
A comprehensive guide to including family members in citizenship and residency by investment programmes — dependent age limits, spouse and partner requirements, parent and grandparent inclusion, children born after naturalisation, and how automatic citizenship transmission works across key jurisdictions.
Read guide →Multi-Generational Citizenship Planning: Securing Options for Your Children and Grandchildren
Jus soli vs jus sanguinis principles, the British citizenship-by-descent transmission limit, trust structures as citizenship vehicles, birthright citizenship opportunities, and how to build a citizenship strategy that serves your family across generations.
Read guide →Offshore Trusts in Citizenship and Succession Planning
Offshore trusts can play an important role in citizenship-by-investment planning — holding CBI investments, managing succession, and interacting with UK IHT rules. But the interaction between trusts, CBI programme requirements, and tax rules is complex and must be navigated carefully.
Read guide →Passport and Citizenship Planning for the Whole Family: Children, Spouses, and Multi-Generational Strategy
A comprehensive guide to passport and citizenship planning across a family — from registering children's citizenship to multi-generational wealth transfer, and how CBI programmes accommodate family members.
Read guide →Succession Planning for Multi-Jurisdiction Families: A Practical Guide
How families with members holding multiple citizenships across different jurisdictions should approach estate planning: forced heirship, the EU Succession Regulation, domicile, US estate tax exposure, and structuring for efficiency.
Read guide →UK Expat Considerations
Dual citizenship under UK law, post-Brexit EU access and second-passport options.
Talk to a citizenship specialist
Our advisers can identify the right programme for your goals and manage the full application process — from eligibility check to passport in hand.